Las fallas en las castraciones simbolígenas y los efectos observables en la clínica. Comentario del caso de un niño de cinco años / Echecs des castrations symboligenes eteffets observables dans la clinique. Commentaires sur le cas d'un garçon de cinq ans / Failures in symboligenous castrations and observable effects in the clinic. Comments about the case of a five-year-old boy / Falhas em castrações simbolígenas e efeitos observáveis na clínica. Comentários sobre o caso de um menino de cinco anos

Concepto novedoso e indispensable propuesto por Françoise Dolto, las castraciones simbolígenas, asociadas a la noción de imagen inconsciente del cuerpo y su destino, se convierten en el corazón de su teoría. El tratamiento psicoanalítico con niños consistiría en trabajar sobre las pulsiones no castradas, puntos en donde han quedado detenidas las modalidades de satisfacción y fijadas a un fantasma. El presente escrito recorre fragmentos de sesiones del caso de un niño de cinco años y el trabajo con sus padres, durante dos años de análisis. Tomando como eje rector las fallas en las castraciones simbolígenas y los efectos que se observaron en la clínica, se ilustran articulaciones teóricas que permiten comprender la importancia y riqueza del concepto AU

Concept inédit et indispensable proposé par Françoise Dolto, les castrations symboliques, associées à la notion d'image inconsciente du corps et de son destin, sont au cœur de sa théorie. Le traitement psychanalytique avec les enfants consisterait à travailler sur les pulsions désencastrées, points où les modalités de satisfaction ont été retenues et fixées à un phantasme.Le présent article passe en revue des fragments de sessions du cas d'un garçon de cinq ans et du travail avec ses parents, pendant deux ans d'analyse. En prenant comme axe directeur les échecs des castrations symboliques et les effets observés dans la clinique, on illustre des articulations théoriques qui nous permettent de comprendre l'importance et la richesse du concept AU

An original and indispensable concept proposed by Françoise Dolto, the symbolic castrations, associated with the notion of the unconscious image of the body and its destiny, become the heart of her theory. Psychoanalytic treatment with children would consist in working on the uncastrated drives, places where the modalities of satisfaction have been stopped and set to a phantasm. The present paper reviews sessions fragments of a five years old boy and the work with his parents, during two years of analysis. Taking as a guiding axis the failures in the symbolic castrations and the effects that were observed, theoretical articulations are developed in order to show and understand the importance and richness of the concept AU

Um conceito novo e indispensável proposto por Françoise Dolto, as castrações simbólicas, associadas à noção de imagem inconsciente do corpo e do seu destino, estão no cerne da sua teoria. O tratamento psicanalítico com crianças consistiria em trabalhar em unidades desencarceradas, pontos onde as modalidades de satisfação foram mantidas e fixadas a um fantasma. O presente artigo analisa fragmentos de sessões do caso de uma criança de cinco anos e o trabalho com os seus pais, ao longo de dois anos de análise. Tomando como orientação os fracassos das castrações simbólicas e os efeitos observados na clínica, são ilustradas articulações teóricas que nos permitem compreender a importância e a riqueza do conceito AU

Evaluation of a brief video intervention aimed at UK-based veterinary surgeons to encourage neutering cats at four months old: A randomised controlled trial.

In the UK, it is currently recommended that owned cats be neutered from four months of age. However, its uptake is inconsistent across the veterinary profession. Here we assess the effect of a brief video intervention that aimed to encourage four month neutering, whilst preserving clinical autonomy. We compare this theory-driven approach with traditional information giving and a control group. Veterinary surgeons who regularly undertook feline neutering work in the UK but did not routinely neuter cats at four months and/or recommend four month neutering for client owned cats were randomised into three groups (n = 234). Participants received either no information, a written summary of evidence or the video. The primary behaviour outcomes were the recommending and carrying out of neutering cats at four months. Evaluative, belief and stages of change measures were also collected. Self-reported outcomes were assessed pre-intervention, immediately post-intervention, two months post-intervention and six months post-intervention. At two months, participants that had received the video intervention were significantly more likely to have started recommending neutering cats at four months. At six months, participants that had received the video intervention were significantly more likely to have started carrying out neutering cats at four months. There were no significant behaviour changes for the other groups. At two months, the video intervention was associated with a significant increase in thinking about, and speaking to colleagues about, four-month neutering, relative to the control group. The written summary of evidence had no similar effect on stages of change, despite it being perceived as a significantly more helpful resource relative to the video. To conclude, a brief one-off video intervention resulted in an increase in positive behaviours towards neutering cats at 4 months, likely mediated by the social influences of the intervention prompting the opportunity to reflect and discuss four-month neutering with colleagues.

Participant- and Clinician-Reported Long-Term Outcomes After Surgery in Individuals with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of genital surgery through participant's and observer's satisfaction with the anatomical and functional result. DESIGN AND SETTING: Multicenter cross-sectional study in 14 clinics in 6 European countries in 2014-2015. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-one individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (≥16 years old). INTERVENTIONS: Data from clinical report files, an optional gynecological examination, patient-reported outcomes on received surgical interventions, satisfaction with appearance and function after surgery, and effect of the surgical procedure on life. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes were calculated per different surgical treatments. Linear regression models were used for associations with vaginal satisfaction. RESULTS: Sixty-three participants had received surgery: 62 gonadectomies, 12 vaginal surgeries with or without vaginal dilations, 9 vaginal dilations only, and 2 breast enlargements. More than half of the participants took part in the gynecological examination. Vaginal length was similar in those without (60 mm) and with (67 mm) vaginoplasty and/or vaginal dilations. Participant- and observer-reported appearance of the genitals were generally satisfactory to good. Sexual complaints (pain or bleeding during/after intercourse) were common. Vaginal satisfaction was strongly associated with satisfaction with sex life in general, whereas vaginal interventions and number of surgeries were not. Many participants reported a negative effect of gonadectomy on their life. CONCLUSION: Despite good genital appearance, functional problems are commonly reported, across the different nonsurgical and surgical regimens. Patient-reported outcomes should be evaluated before and after surgical procedures. Because of the negative effect on life and the low risk of malignancy, gonadectomy should be deferred to adulthood with regular follow-up.

El protegido [Unbreakable], de M. Night Shyamalan. Un superhéroe entre la fantasía infantil de omnipotencia y la búsqueda del padre / Le protégé (Unbreakable) de M. Night Shyamalan. Un superhérosentre le fantasme infantile de toute-puissance et la recherche du père / Unbreakable by M. Night Shyamalan. A superhero caught between the infantile fantasy of omnipotence and the quest for the father

Este artículo reflexiona en torno a la importancia de la función paterna como límite entre madre e hijo, mediadora en el juego de la omnipotencia infantil que compromete a ambos. Para hacerlo utiliza como material de trabajo la figura del superhéroe, creación moderna que a la vez está anclada en una tradición cultural milenaria, manifestación creativa del yo ideal, en la cual el autor piensa que se representan características a la vez universales y particulares de los procesos anímicos. Interesante, pues, para entender un poco mejor esos procesos, con la atención puesta en cada uno de los miembros de la triada formada por la madre, el padre y el hijo, y en las dinámicas del narcisismo, el Edipo y la castración que les atraviesa y regula sus relaciones. Interesante, quizá, para entender algo de los tiempos que vivimos. Una película es la excusa a partir de la cual se plantean estas reflexiones. (AU)

The article reflects upon the importance of the parental function as a boundary between mother and child, a go-between in the play of infantile omnipotence that both are engaged in. Working material is taken from the figure of the superhero, a creation that is at once modern, and rooted in a centuries-old cultural tradition; the creative manifestation of the ideal ego, in which we find, according to the author, characteristics both universal and unique to the psychic processes. It is worthwhile understanding these processes a little better, by paying attention to each of the members of the triad formed by mother, father and child, permeated as they are by the dynamics of narcissism, Oedipus and castration, which governs their relatedness. Worthwhile, perhaps, to understand the times we live in a little better. A film serves as a pretext for these reflections. (AU)

Cet article est une réflexion sur l’importance de la fonction paternelle en tant que limite entre mère et enfant, médiatrice dans le jeu de la toute-puissance infantile qui les engage tous les deux. Pour ce faire il utilise comme matériel de travail la figure du superhéros, création moderne qui est en même temps ancrée dans une tradition culturelle millénaire, manifestation créatrice du moi idéal, dans laquelle l’auteur pense que sont représentées des caractéristiques en même temps universelles et particulières des processus animiques. Intéressant, donc, pour comprendre un peu mieux ces processus, avec l’attention dirigée vers chacun des membres de la triade formée par la mère, le père et l’enfant, et dans les dynamiques du narcissisme, l’Œdipe et la castration qui les traversent et qui règlent leurs rapports. Intéressant, peut-être, pour comprendre quelque chose à l’époque actuelle. Un film est l’excuse à partir de laquelle ces réflexions sont proposées. (AU)

Survey of equine castration techniques, preferences and outcomes among Australian veterinarians.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To collect the perceptions of veterinarians performing equine castrations in Australia on techniques, preferences and outcomes, (2) to investigate veterinarian use and experience with the Henderson castrating instrument and (3) to investigate potential associations between demographics, castration methods and techniques, and complications. DESIGN: Online survey of members of the Australian Veterinary Association's Special Interest Group, Equine Veterinarians Australia (EVA). METHODS: A link to the survey was included in the EVA e-newsletter and practices on the EVA website were contacted by telephone and follow-up email. Fisher's exact test was used to determine associations between ligation and complications. A generalised linear model with a negative binomial family was used to determine associations between count response variables and categorical independent variables. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 138 veterinarians (response rate, 13.1%) who performed 5330 castrations over 12 months. Castrations were most commonly performed in the field, on anaesthetised horses, using emasculators, via an open approach and without ligation of the spermatic cord. Estimated complications after use of emasculators were swelling (25%), haemorrhage (5%) and infection (5%). The Henderson instrument was used by approximately 10% of respondents and its use for castration was associated with fewer reports of postoperative swelling compared with emasculators (P = 0.002). Rates of evisceration with the Henderson and emasculator methods were comparable (0.43% and 0.9%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Castration preferences varied widely among survey participants. Reported complication types and rates were comparable to those reported previously in other countries. Perceptions that the Henderson instrument was associated with less swelling should be investigated further via a prospective controlled investigation.

Active and passive responses to catnip (Nepeta cataria) are affected by age, sex and early gonadectomy in male and female cats.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a popular plant among cat owners because in about 60% of felids elicits active behaviors such as rolling over, grooming, motor activity and vocalizations. Herein, we assessed the display of active but also passive responses, such as time in sphinx-like position, and consequently hypothesized that 100% of cats respond to catnip. Accordingly, sixty domestic cats of different age (infant, juvenile, adults), sex (males, females) and gonadal status (early gonadectomized, gonadally intact) were placed in a cylindrical chamber (1.20×1.40m) during 5min and then exposed to 500mg of dehydrated catnip for another 5min. Behaviors were videorecorded and scored. Results indicated that about 20% of the cats (adults and juvenile only) displayed active behaviors (i.e. rolling over), whereas 80% displayed passive responses at any age (sphinx-like position, decreased frequency in vocalizations, and decreased motor activity). These results suggest that all cats respond to catnip but they express it actively, passively or with a combination of both types of responses, which mainly depends on age and sex, and early gonadectomy to a much less extent. We discuss the possible implications of brain maturation on this dichotomy and speculate on the role of opioidergic system on the catnip responses.

Impact of a 3-year pet management program on pet population and owner's perception.

Although pet population management programs have been established worldwide, few reports on program evaluation have been carried out to date. Accordingly, a 3-year longitudinal study has been carried out in a 4000 household neighborhood located within the metropolitan area of Curitiba, the eighth most populated city of Brazil. Visits were conducted and questionnaires completed to estimate and characterize the local pet population (animal sex, reproductive and vaccination status, street access). Care provided by owners, community perception on stray dog management and the possible changes were compared in these variables over time (2010 and 2013) were evaluated, after the establishment of a city pet population management program. In addition, associations between having children, owning dogs and cats, responsible pet ownership education and owner's perception on stray dogs were statistically tested. A total of 354/4000 (8.9%) household families were interviewed in 2010 and 70/354 (19.8%) of the same families again in 2013. No significant changes were found in overall number of dogs and cats and average pet age, animal care and owner's perception on stray dogs following the 3-year population management program. In 2010, an average of 1.6 dogs and 0.3 cats were found per family, with slightly more females (51.3% dogs and 51.1% cats), adults (4.0±3.5years for dogs and 2.1±2.4 for cats), intact (not neutered; 94.2% dogs and 84.0% cats) and lacking regular visit to veterinarian (71.6%). Although more families (53.1%) had children under 12 years old, no association was found between having children and having dogs and cats. Questionnaires revealed that owners perceived neutering/spaying to be the best pet population control method (42.4%), with "society" (50%) and "government" (49.4%) as responsible for pet population management. A significant positive association has been found between education level and the best way to control stray dogs (p=0.03), between having dogs and in favor of neutering/spaying (p=0.04) and considering neutering/spaying as the best control method (p=0.02). The chances of thinking the best way to control stray dogs by neutering/spaying and adoption were almost 2.0 fold higher than other methods. In conclusion, the present study has provided indicators (education level, having dogs) for pet population control program assessment and effectiveness evaluation. Moreover, this study may serve as a warning on the real long-term effect of such programs, which should be periodically evaluated to identify necessary adjustments and/or improvements.

Effect of castration at 10 months of age on growth physiology and behavior of male feral beef cattle.

This study compared the growth performance, plasma testosterone and cortisol levels around castration at 10 months of age, and plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentration and flight speed, in intact bulls and steers from 10 to 21 months of age in a feral Spanish breed. Fourteen bulls (366.5 ± 48.5 kg live weight) were assigned at random to one of two treatments: surgically castrated (steers) or intact (bulls), and submitted to an identical fattening period. Steers reared until heavy live weights (21 months of age) grew slowly and had lower plasma IGF-I concentrations than intact bulls. These differences were mainly highlighted the month after surgery (11 months of age) and the last part of the fattening period (from 19 to 21 months of age). After surgical castration (11 and 12 months of age), steers showed a tendency to display greater flight speed values than intact bulls but baseline plasma cortisol concentration did not differ between groups at this time. At the end, steers and bulls reached nearly similar temperament, as flight speed did not differ between them. The results confirm the role of IGF-I as a key anabolic hormone in male beef cattle and thus it may reflect growth differences due to altered sex steroids production.

À guisa de uma conceituação da vergonha na obra de Jacques Lacan / About a concept of shame in the work of Jacques Lacan / A modo de un concepto de vergüenza en la obra de Jacques Lacan

O presente artigo é uma síntese de tese de doutorado em psicologia social em que foi apresentado um estudo diacrônico do afeto da vergonha na obra do psicanalista francês Jacques Lacan. Portanto, o objetivo do artigo é fazer uma delimitação conceitual da vergonha a partir da obra de Lacan. Optamos, como metodologia, fazer uma análise dos textos e seminários de sua obra com o intuito de estabelecer uma ligação interna dos elementos conceituais, fundamentais para o objetivo. Neste artigo, elencamos: 1) a imagem de si, 2) a castração, 3) o olhar, 4) a crítica social e 5) a clínica, como aspectos radicais da vergonha, cuja importância estabelece uma borda com a qual podemos isolar o afeto vergonhoso como operador teórico, de acordo com os resultados da pesquisa realizada na obra de Lacan. Isso possibilitou a demarcação conceitual da vergonha, bem como a evidenciação de sua importância tanto para a prática clínica quanto como índice de crítica social.

This article is a doctoral thesis synthesis in social psychology that were shown to a diachronic study of the affect of shame in the work of the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. Therefore, the objective of this article is to make a conceptual delimitation of shame from Lacan's work. We chose as methodology to analyze the texts and seminars of his work in order to establish an internal connection of the basic conceptual elements for the goal. In this article, we list: 1) the image of itself, 2) castration, 3) the look, 4) social criticism and 5) practice, as radical aspects of shame, whose importance establishes an edge with which to isolate the shameful affection as a theoretical operator, according to the results of research carried out in the work of Lacan. This allowed the conceptual demarcation of shame, as well as the disclosure and its importance for both clinical practice and as social criticism index.

Este artículo es una síntesis de la tesis doctoral en psicología social que se muestra a un estudio diacrónico del afecto de la vergüenza en el trabajo del psicoanalista francés Jacques Lacan. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es hacer una delimitación conceptual de la vergüenza de la obra de Lacan. Elegimos como metodología para analizar los textos y seminarios de su trabajo con el fin de establecer una conexión interna de los elementos conceptuales básicos para la meta. En este artículo se indican: 1) la imagen de sí mismo, 2) la castración, 3) el aspecto, 4) crítica social y 5) la práctica, como aspectos radicales de la vergüenza, la importancia de establecer una ventaja con la que aislar el afecto vergüenza como operador teórico, de acuerdo con los resultados de la investigación llevada a cabo en la obra de Lacan. Esto permitió la delimitación conceptual de la vergüenza, así como la divulgación y su importancia para la práctica clínica y como índice de la crítica social.

Cómo llega Lacan a lo universal / How Lacan comes to the universal

Este artículo es un pasaje del original en francés Les Constructions de l'universel (Paris: PUF, 2009). La traducción fue especialmente preparada para el curso de doctorado dictado por la autora en Buenos Aires en octubre de 2015.

This article is a passage in the French original of Les Constructions de l'universel (Paris: PUF, 2009).The translation was specially prepared for the doctoral seminar convened by the author in Buenos Aires October 2015.

Varieties of Castration Experience: Relevance to Contemporary Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.

Although Freud considered castration to be one of the two major anxieties of human life, the castration complex has been relatively neglected in contemporary psychoanalytic writing and is insufficiently discussed in presentations of clinical cases. This article discusses the relevance of the concept to contemporary psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy, in particular the important contributing role of castration conflicts in the pathogenesis of a wide range of clinical symptoms. The author begins by briefly reviewing some classical and contemporary psychoanalytic ideas about castration to show how the concept has broadened and is currently used not only to signify fear of damage to or loss of the genital, but also metaphorically to indicate a threat to or loss of any valued human characteristic or function. He outlines Brenner's distinction between castration anxiety and castration depression, and reviews the role of childhood trauma in intensifying castration conflicts. He then illustrates the clinical application of these ideas by describing aspects of his psychotherapeutic work with three male patients who presented with a variety of symptoms and distressing psychological experiences that were gradually resolved through the analysis of underlying castration anxiety and/or castration depression. Although castration anxiety is frequently intermingled with separation anxiety, the author concludes that with many traumatized patients castration conflicts are in the foreground and the therapist needs to focus on the patient's proneness to humiliation, powerlessness, and shame.

Gonadectomy prior to puberty decreases normal parental behavior in adult mice.

Sex steroid hormones secreted by gonads influence development and expression of many behaviors including parental behaviors. The capacity to display many behaviors develops under the influence of sex steroid hormones; it begins with gonadal differentiation and lasts through puberty. The timing of gonadectomy may have important and long lasting effects on the organization and activation of neural circuits regulating the expression of different behaviors. The present study investigated the importance of exposure to endogenous gonadal steroid hormones during pubertal period/adolescence on parental behavior in adult mice. Male and female WT mice were gonadectomized either before puberty (25 days of age) or after puberty (60 days of age) and tested for parental behavior with and without estradiol benzoate (EB) replacement in adulthood. Additional groups of mice were gonadectomized at P25 and supplemented with estradiol (females) or testosterone (males) during puberty. Female mice gonadectomized after puberty or gonadectomized before puberty and supplemented with estradiol during puberty, displayed better pup directed parental behaviors in comparison to mice gonadectomized at 25 days of age regardless of treatment with estradiol in adulthood. However, mice treated with EB in adulthood displayed better non-pup directed nest building behavior than when they were tested without EB treatment regardless of sex and time of gonadectomy. To examine whether the sensitivity to sex steroid hormones was altered due to differences in time without gonads prior to the testing, mice were also tested for female sex behavior and there were no differences between mice gonadectomized at P25 or P60, although this could not completely rule out the possibility that parental behavior is more sensitive to prolonged absence of steroid hormones than female sex behavior. These results suggest that the absence of gonads and thereby the absence of appropriate gonadal steroid hormones during puberty/adolescence may have a profound effect on pup directed parental behaviors in adult mice.

Todo fálico e não-todo: construções lacanianas sobre a sexuação / All phallic and non-all: Lacan elaborations about the sexualization

O interesse deste ensaio é apresentar o avanço teórico produzido por Lacana partir da introdução da lógica em torno do problema da sexuação, no qual ele delimitou de forma precisa o posicionamento masculino e feminino por meio de suas modalidades de gozo. É, então, com suas famosas fórmulas da sexuação que o ensino lacaniano articula a diferença anatômica sob a oposição de duas lógicas (a do todo-fálico nos homens e do não-todo nasmulheres) e também duas espécies distintas de gozo (o fálico e o suplementar). Tais construções revelam uma virada decisiva na abordagem da feminilidade, no qual está em evidência a formalização do além do Édipo – uma maneira de aceitar a proposição edípica, mas também de apontar que em seu horizonte só podemos reconhecer a lógica do todo-fálico, que produz a posição masculina, mas não a feminina. (AU)

The interest of this paper is to present the theoretical advances made by Lacan from the introduction of a logic around the problem of sexualization, in which he delineated the precise way the masculine and feminine positioning by their mode of enjoyment. It is, then, with his famous sexualization formulas that Lacan teaching articulates the anatomical difference under the two opposing logics (the all-phallic in men and not-all in the women) and too two distinct species of enjoyment (the phallic and supplemental). Such constructions show a decisive turning in the approach of femininity, which is in evidence the formalization of the Oedipus beyond - a way to accept the Oedipus proposition, but also to point out that on the horizon we can only recognize the logic of all-phallic, that produces the male position but not in feminine. (AU)

Todo fálico e não-todo: construções lacanianas sobre a sexuação / All phallic and non-all: Lacan elaborations about the sexualization

O interesse deste ensaio é apresentar o avanço teórico produzido por Lacana partir da introdução da lógica em torno do problema da sexuação, no qual ele delimitou de forma precisa o posicionamento masculino e feminino por meio de suas modalidades de gozo. É, então, com suas famosas fórmulasda sexuação que o ensino lacaniano articula a diferença anatômica sob aoposição de duas lógicas (a do todo-fálico nos homens e do não-todo nasmulheres) e também duas espécies distintas de gozo (o fálico e o suplementar). Tais construções revelam uma virada decisiva na abordagemda feminilidade, no qual está em evidência a formalização do além do Édipo – uma maneira de aceitar a proposição edípica, mas também de apontar que em seu horizonte só podemos reconhecer a lógica do todo-fálico, que produz a posição masculina, mas não a feminina...

The interest of this paper is to present the theoretical advances made by Lacan from the introduction of a logic around the problem of sexualization, in which he delineated the precise way the masculine and feminine positioning by their mode of enjoyment. It is, then, with his famous sexualization formulas that Lacan teaching articulates the anatomical difference under the two opposing logics (the all-phallic in men and not-all in the women) and too two distinct species of enjoyment (the phallic and supplemental). Such constructions show a decisive turning in the approach of femininity, which is in evidence the formalization of the Oedipus beyond - a way to accept the Oedipus proposition, but also to point out that on the horizon we can only recognize the logic of all-phallic, that produces the male position but not in feminine...

Puberty and gonadal hormones: role in adolescent-typical behavioral alterations.

This article is part of a Special Issue "Puberty and Adolescence". Adolescence is characterized by a variety of behavioral alterations, including elevations in novelty-seeking and experimentation with alcohol and other drugs of abuse. Some adolescent-typical neurobehavioral alterations may depend upon pubertal rises in gonadal hormones, whereas others may be unrelated to puberty. Using a variety of approaches, studies in laboratory animals have not revealed clear relationships between pubertal-related changes and adolescent- or adult-typical behaviors that are not strongly sexually dimorphic. Data reviewed suggest surprisingly modest influences of gonadal hormones on alcohol intake, alcohol preference and novelty-directed behaviors. Gonadectomy in males (but not females) increased ethanol intake in adulthood following surgery either pre-pubertally or in adulthood, with these increases in intake largely reversed by testosterone replacement in adulthood, supporting an activational role of androgens in moderating ethanol intake in males. In contrast, neither pre-pubertal nor adult gonadectomy influenced sensitivity to the social inhibitory or aversive effects of ethanol when indexed via conditioned taste aversions, although gonadectomy at either age altered the microstructure of social behavior of both males and females. Unexpectedly, the pre-pubertal surgical manipulation process itself was found to increase later ethanol intake, decrease sensitivity to ethanol's social inhibitory effects, attenuate novelty-directed behavior and lower social motivation, with gonadal hormones being necessary for these long-lasting effects of early surgical perturbations.

'Little Hans': from his phobic episode to becoming an opera director.

'Little Hans' is one of the most highly commented cases in the psychoanalytic literature. His work as an opera director from 1925 in Europe and then in the United States of America is much less well known. This may seem especially surprising given that Freud very soon detects Hans's emerging interest in this subject. Yet Freud does not mention it either in 1909 when he reports the case, or when Hans visits him in 1922, even though Hans had already decided to become an opera director at this point. The author of this article endeavours to show how this artistic choice could be understood as a way of accommodating, in a double transference relationship with Freud and with his father, the unanalysed residue of the 'Krawall' (a term invented by Hans) and 'the black thing', both of which appeared during the phobic period.

Estradiol treatment modulates spontaneous sleep and recovery after sleep deprivation in castrated male rats.

Exogenous estradiol (E) is used occasionally to treat the side effects associated with androgen-deprivation in men, but its effects on sleep patterns have received little attention. We examined whether E modulates sleep patterns and recovery from sleep loss in castrated male rats. Adult male rats were castrated and implanted subcutaneously with Silastic tubes containing either oil (Cast+Oil) or E (Cast+E). Sham-operated male rats (Intact) were implanted with oil-filled tubes. All rats were also implanted with EEG and EMG electrodes for sleep/wake recordings. After two weeks, polysomnographic recordings were made before, during, and following 6h of sleep deprivation (SD). At baseline, the Cast+Oil group showed sleep and EEG patterns similar to those in the Intact group. Compared to these groups, the Cast+E group spent more time awake during the dark (active) phase, and showed higher EEG theta power (a measure of cortical activation) during wake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in both the light and dark phases. Following SD, the Cast+E group showed a larger increase from baseline in REM sleep amount, compared to the Cast+Oil group. The Cast+Oil group showed prolonged rebound in non-REM sleep and EEG delta power, and reduced REM sleep rebound, compared to the other two groups. These results indicate that E treatment in castrated male rats promotes baseline wakefulness during the active phase, and facilitates recovery of REM sleep after acute sleep loss. The possible benefit of E treatment for improving sleep quality in androgen-deprived men remains to be investigated.

Transmissão e castração / Transmission and castration

O artigo discute a transmissão na abordagem psicanalítica. Interroga a cerca das afirmações de Lacan de que ele fala aos muros, e da propriedade de repercussão do que se envia a esses muros. Argumenta que nossa questão têm fundamental importância as consequências que podemos extrair do texto freudiano Moisés e o Monoteísmo. Nesta edição, o artigo verifica a consequência ética da necessidade do retorno a Freud para a fundação de possibilidade de avançar a psicanálise.

This article discusses transmission in psychoanalysis. The author asks about Lacan's assertives of repercussion from what is sent to these walls. It is argued that in this issue the consequences we might extract from Freud's Moisés e o monoteísmo are fundamental. In this sense, this article deals with the ethical consequence of the necessity to return to Freud for the foundation of advancing possibilities in psychoanalysis.